Thursday, January 30, 2020

As Dianne Skafte Essay Example for Free

As Dianne Skafte Essay As Dianne Skafte stated in her book, â€Å"All the lives form the body of the Earth, and to that body all shall return†. The earth is viewed as the source of life with all the agricultural crops it gives to sustain the living. However, this very earth is also the home of the dead. People in different parts of the world plant their dead in the earth just like the seeds of their crops with the belief that their loved one will be born again as a new person, live in the body of an animal, or stay in the underworld. Otherwise, our ancients believed that the spirits who were returned to the earth become wise and that they gain the ability to turn into clairvoyants who can see the future and thus give guidance to those who are still living (Skafte 2000). This is the primary reason why necromancy was constantly used in the classical world. If a person decides to contact the dead, he or she will have the ability to know many hidden things. The act of necromancy falls under the umbrella of many different occult divination practices. The term was rooted from the ancient Greek language with the word ‘nekros’ meaning ‘corpse’ and ‘manteia’ or ‘prophesy’. Necromancy evolved through time and developed many different forms. Even though the Greeks may seem to be the civilization that is always connected to the act, summoning the dead was well-practiced by different civilizations around the world during these classical times like the Romans, Asians, Medieval Europeans, and Egyptians (Helium. com). The people living in the classical times look highly into their ‘necromaneias’ or the oracles of the dead. One famous act of necromancy was the one that happened in a hillside cave in Epiris where the famous legendary hero Odysseus was said to have summoned the dead at the place in order to get some guidance and information for his dangerous journey to home. Even though the Odyssey is only a fictional tale, Homer was able to base his writings from the actual practices of the many Greek necromancers that operate during their time (Donald Tyson’s Supernatural World. com). The place was also often connected to the worshipping of the goddess of the underworld, Persephone and the god of the dead, Hades. During the periods of medieval and renaissance times in ancient European history, the act of necromancy is considered as a normal part of the life of the people. There are other reasons why conjuring the dead is used. Wise-men ask for help from the spirits of the departed in order to seek for help in diagnosing the illnesses and giving cures to their patients. When it comes to families, they often seek for guidance from their dead loved ones and ask them to appear in their dreams. It was also believed that the souls of those who had already ‘crossed over to the other side’ have the rare ability in finding missing persons or even treasures that have long been lost. Spirits also help unearth some secret crimes that have been committed but were never given justice. The act of necromancy was so popularly used and believed in the ancient times that Catholic priests were even believed to have practiced the art centuries ago even though it was not openly discussed in their history books of their churches. Classical engravings also document some of the necromancy acts of famous philosophers and scholars of the time. Example of this is the one depicting John Dee, a 16th century mathematician with a famous necromancer. In the picture, the two were enveloped by a magic circle with signs of the zodiac and other symbols with a corpse in front of them. Another illustration was that of the Edward Kelly, an Elizabethan alchemist, and Paul Waring who are also protected by a magic circle while facing a corpse that has risen from the ground. All of these depictions were not fiction and were actual events. The use of the magical circle that shrouds both pictures mentioned serves as the protection of the humans from the forces of the spirit they have called that is mostly unhappy and unwilling to cooperate (Donald Tyson’s Supernatural World. com). During these times, scholars asking for the guidance and knowledge of the dead were not considered as an uncommon phenomenon. During the classical times, Nobilities or the Christian clergy were the literate members that compose high society. It is believed that either or both of these two groups were responsible for the spreading and practicing of the necromancy despite of the fact that is was strictly forbidden in Christianity. Access to necromancy is a kind of act that can only be accessible to those who belong to the scholars of Europe mainly because of reasons of accessibility, knowledge, and the procedures it use. Evidence to this fact is the number of confessions that a couple of Nobles and Clergy members expressed regarding their experience with the act. A closer look at the practices of necromancy also showed that the procedures are closely similar to Christian rites. In exorcism cases in Christianity, the spirits or demons were forces away through the use of the name of God, the Holy Spirit, or Jesus. This can be compared to the spells of necromancy which are similar to these rites in complete opposition (Necromancy. com). There are also examples of necromancy written in the Holy Bible. One of these is that on Samuel, chapters 28 and 31 that tell the story of King Saul and his abhorrence to David. In the story, he began doubting his decision of bringing David into his court because of the latter’s charisma in people and good skills of being a warrior. The King regretted letting David enter his kingdom when he started to notice that the people were already choosing the young man’s side instead of his. During that time, the Philistines were also preparing to attack. Out of desperation, King Saul disguised and went to see a ‘seeress’ to help him contact the dead. It shall be noted that the king has given an order to persecute all seers, wizards, and others that deal with the supernatural thus the need for his disguise as a common man. After the woman was convinced that she never have punishment for the request, she went onto a trance and related a vision to King Saul. According to the vision, she saw gods ascending from the earth which all gathered to form a man who is covered by a long mantle. As Saul bowed to the ground, he then recognized the spirit that possessed the woman as his deceased prophet, Samuel. But the vision was not the end of it. Samuel chastised the king for his evil attacks of David and said the because of King Saul’s violation of his covenant with the Lord, he will die the next day. The following die, King Saul’s soldiers were slaughtered and he mortally wounded. Knowing his coming fate, he decided to fall upon his own sword (Skafte 2000). Another example of necromancy mentioned in the bible was in Aeschylus’ Persians. In here, the necromancy procedure consisted of Queen Atossa asking the Persian elders to call Darius from his grave. The Queen brought some garlands of milk and different offerings like milk, honey, water, and unmixed wine and oil. The elders followed the queen’s request and called upon the deceased King asking for powerful death gods like Hades to send his soul in the face of earth. When King Darius was successfully summoned, he narrated the beating of the ground and the effect of the cries of the ‘necromantic cries’ on dead people like him (Bremmer 2002). This literary description supports the ancient beliefs about the two questions that are usually mentioned by the souls called through necromancy. The first is about the experiences and unknown secrets of the deceased while they are still living and the second, who is depicted by this story, are the relating of the souls of the ephemeral and magical things they’ve learned upon ‘crossing over’. There are many risks in calling the dead. One of these is through the perspective of Christians who condemn the use of the act. According to this side, the acquiring of knowledge from the dead is prohibited because it was not information that God prohibited to be released. According Christianity laws, there are only two legitimate sources of information that the living can use. These are the things that are revealed by the Lord and those that gleaned through a natural kind of revelation. Simply said, using necromancy to know secrets from the dead is also equivalent to stealing forbidden information. Second, spirits are not beings that people can simply call and command. The art of necromancy is divided into two different phases, the first of which is the calling of the spirit and the second is compelling it to do the bid of the necromancer. Since the spirits of the dead aren’t actually always willing to be called and ordered, there is a great risk for the necromancer and his assistant to be attacked by the former if they’re magical barrier is not that strong (Necromancy 101. com). Moreover, acts of necromancy should have well-defined motives because otherwise it will be considered as works of darkness, simply for the selfish whims of the person who wants to ‘call’ and can also turn out to be dangerous for the health and reason of the necromancer and his assistant. In necromancy procedures of classical times, necromancers are forced to inflict pain on the spirits they call just to force the latter to follow them. As a result of these, the souls are usually very unhappy towards the individuals, heightening the probability of them to become violent.Thus, there is a great risk that comes along with the valuable secrets a spirit may expose (Spence 1960). Bibliography: Bremmer, Jan N. 2002. The rise and fall of the afterlife: The 1995 Read-Tuckwell Lectures at the University of Bristol. Routledge. DeWaay, Bob. 2006. The Dangers of Divination. http://www. deceptioninthechurch. com/dangersofdivination. html (accessed June 14, 2009). Necromancy. 2009. Necromancy in History. Necromancy: Encyclopedia II. http://www. experiencefestival. com/a/Necromancy_-Necromancy_in_history/id/1575928 (accessed June 14, 2009). Skafte, Dianne. 2000. When Oracles Speak. Quest Books. Spence, Lewis. 1960. Encyclopaedia of Occultism. New York: University Books. Townbridge, B. 2009. Necromancy explained. Helium. com. http://www. helium. com/items/246248-necromancy-explained (accessed June 14, 2009). Tyson, Donald. 2007. The Truth About Necromancy. Donald Tyson’s Supernatural World. http://www. donaldtyson. com/necro. html (accessed June 14, 2009). Wendell, Leilah. 1997. Necromancy 101. The Occult Library. http://www. realmagick. com/articles/17/1817. html (accessed June 14, 2009).

Wednesday, January 22, 2020

Patent Attorneys :: essays research papers

ii ABSTRACT Today, everything in the World addicted to technology and every technology is based on Research and Development. A country is powerful if it is powerful in technological advances, which means whoever leads the technology, leads the world. But countries must protect their technologies, as well as their unique brands, to lead or to profit because R&D expenses are very huge. To get this protection, patents are used and to organize the patent procedures â€Å"Patent Attorneys† are very crucial. Wtihout the work of patent attorneys, patents can not provide the promised and needed protection. iii Table of Contents Abstract ii Table of Contents iii 1. Introduction 1 2. Holders of a National Qualification 2 2.1. Patent Attorney Law 2 2.2. Patent Attorneys' Services 2 3. File Applications on Behalf of Clients 3 3.1. Acquisition of a patent or utility model right 3 3.2. Acquisition of a design right 4 3.3. Acquisition of a trademark right 4 4. Also Deal with Any Problems That May Arise After Filing 5 5. Disputes and Litigation 6 5.1. Filing of Patent Opposition 6 5.2. Request for Appeal Trial 6 5.3. Suit against Appeal Trial Decision 6 5.4. Infringement of Patent or Other Rights 7 6. Make an Appraisal and File a Request for Interpretation 8 7. File a Request for a Technical Opinion on The Registrability of a Utility Model 8 8. Cost of Patent Attorneys’ Services 8 9. Overview of Industrial Property System 9 9.1. Intellectual Property and Industrial Property 9 9.2. Industrial Property as Exclusive Rights 9 10. Patent Attorneys’ Services 11 10.1. Acquisition of Domestic Industrial Property Rights and Related Activities 11 10.1.1. Acquisition of a patent and utility model right 11 10.1.2. Acquisition of a design right 11 10.1.3. Acquisition of a trademark right 12 10.1.4. Notice of reasons for rejection, etc. 12 10.1.5. Filing of an opposition to a patent or registration 12 10.1.6. Other procedures 13 10.1.7. Request for a trial 13 10.1.8. Litigation 13 10.1.9. Appraisal and filing of a request for technical opinion 13 iv 10.2. Acquisition of Foreign Industrial Property Rights and Related Actions 14 10.3. Why Should I consult A Patent Attorney? 14 10.4. Other Matters 15 1 1. INTRODUCTION Patent attorneys are worthy partners who help you turn your hard-earned inventions into powerful ownership rights. Everyday new products are created and find their way into our daily lives. Many of these products are protected with a patent, which outlaws and shuts out unscrupulous imitations. To be precise, a patent means "a patent right", and there are three other similar rights as follows: a utility model right, design right and trademark right. A patent right, utility model right, design right and trademark right - collectively called industrial property rights - only accrue upon registration with the Patent Office, which follows the filing of an application and is conditional on the outcome of an examination of the application by the Patent Office.

Tuesday, January 14, 2020

Industralization after Civil War Essay

After the Civil War, the United States became much more industrialized society. Between 1865 and 1920, industrialization improved American life in many ways, transforming it into a modern industrial society but also created problems for the American people. Three major improvements that contributed to the United States economy were the railroads, factories and immigration. Railroads during the period of the industrial revolution were good throughout the north and were supported by the federal government to help build the north into achieving a prosperous economy. The railroads made transportation of goods and products easy, cheap and reliable. The steel industry made the expansion of the railroads possible and by the 1900’s, Carnegie made great contributions to the business world, enabling railroads to connect to seaports, cities and industrial centers. Urbanization and Immigration began around the 1870 and the 1920’s. Immigrants migrated to cities like New York, Chicag o and Boston. Approximately 25 million people migrated to the U.S and they contributed to the growth of the cities and new technologies. They worked low- paying factory jobs and overcrowded neighborhoods, moving the middle class out of their communities (Shultz, 2014). While great accomplishments took place during this period, it also affected different people like African Americans, Farmers, Children, Women and Immigrants. African Americans faced many challenges in terms of freedom and acceptance from the old to the new south. In the old south, they were slaves working day and night with no rights. After the civil war, during the reconstruction their lives improved, being freed with rights such as the 14th- and 15th amendments that granted them citizenship and the right to vote. However in the â€Å"New South† their rights seemed meaningless because of the Jim Crow laws, violence and the lack of their voting rights. The Jim Crow laws they prohibited them from attending the same schools as whites and sitting in the same areas in restaurants, which increased the racism of  blacks and whites. Children were also affected while this time due to the high demand for them to work in factories was great. Many children started at the age 14, but would be hired form age 6, who usually worked tedious long hours. By the end of the 1800’s, child labor laws were passed, but employers ignored the laws, and the number of child factory workers increased (Shultz, 2014). Children were great at doing this task because they accepted low pay, didn’t complain about the wages, and were able to fit in small in cracks that the average man and women couldn’t do. The economy of the south wasn’t very strong due to the fact, profits were made because l abor was unpaid, and the limited crops planted were cotton, tobacco and sugar. Some of the natural resources of the south included farmland, water power, steam power coal, iron and oil. Agriculture was the primary source of employment; while textiles and steel industries became prosperous in the south after the civil war (Weightman, 2007). Many sharecroppers faced hardships and sharecropping became unprofitable for workers because they were uneducated, and cheated by the landowners that owned the supplies. Fresh produce began to be in great demand once refrigerated railcars were introduced. References Ashton, T.S. The Industrial Revolution: 1760-1830. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997. Schultz, Kevin: 2014 U.S History since 1865 Volume 11: pg. 291, 311-320 Weightman, Gavin. The Industrial Revolutionaries: The Making of the Modern World, 1776-1914. New York: Grove Press, 2007.

Monday, January 6, 2020

Sexism In Modern Society - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1169 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/06/24 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Sexism Essay Did you like this example? Introduction Sexism refers to the retrogressive acts of discriminating against people based on their gender identity or sex. Typically, both male and female genders can be victimized in different contexts. However, discrimination and prejudice against the girls and women are more common compared to the male gender (Deegan, 2014). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Sexism In Modern Society" essay for you Create order Sexism is a global social problem that affects both genders. For instance, most organizations have more male than female leaders. Additionally, discrimination against women has led to men assuming most of the political offices globally. The female population is significantly more than their male counterparts across the globe. However, due to sexism and negative stereotypes against women, most elective posts are held by men. Women have also been demoralized from pursuing technical subjects due to sexism. Currently, most college students pursuing scientific courses such as Engineering, Architecture, Medicine and Computer Programming are predominantly male (Deegan, 2014). Contrarily, women dominate the arts courses such as Sociology and Philosophy. Parents encourage their male children to study scientific courses while neglecting the females. Sexism is, therefore, a global problem that hinders women empowerment and sustainable development. Gender roles have also contributed to sexism. Most primitive societies believe that women are intrinsically inferior to men (Deegan, 2014). As such, these societies tend to favor men while disregarding women. The primary domestic duties such as washing utensils, cleaning the house, cooking and laundry services are reserved for women. Conversely, the technical and economic activities such as carpentry, masonry, and electrical services are reserved for men. Therefore, men become more economically empowered as a result of the division of labor and gender roles. In extreme cases, sexism and gender discrimination may precipitate domestic violence, rape, and other forms of sexual harassment. The term sexism was predominantly applied during the second wave of women movements in the 1960s (King, 2016). During this period, women campaigned against racial discrimination and gender prejudice. The philosophy of sexism holds that one gender is superior to the other and thus deserves more recognition in the society. For instance, employers may prefer having men in management positions over women. In this scenario, women are discriminated unfairly. Some organization favor male employees as they are deemed fit for manual jobs. Women are also preoccupied with domestic responsibilities such as raising children. Similarly, women have a high likelihood of requesting for maternity leave ones they become expectant. Therefore, some employers view women as a liability in the organization. The patriarchal societies have bolstered sexism through enhancing men dominion. In this society, men are perceived as the heads of their family (Deegan, 2014). As such, women in the patriarchal societies are economically and socially oppressed. Wage disparity between men and women in the workplace is still prevalent in most organizations. Although some women are more competent than their male counter parts, they are paid lower wages. Sexism is closely related to feminism. However, the two terms are distinct. Feminism movements were created to advocate for womens rights and end the social disparity and gender inequity. As such, feminism encompasses the affirmative actions aimed at empowering the female gender. The feminists acknowledge that women are socially marginalized (Deegan, 2014). Therefore, they define sexism with a particular focus on women empowerment. Feminism is the philosophy that encourages equality between the male and female gender by addressing the factors that inhibit women success. However, sexism is the perception or believes that one gender or sex is superior to the other. There are minor cases in which men are marginalized. As such, sexism addresses the gender issues without a specific focus on women. The society discriminates against women by their gender identity. The biological sex is used as the determining factor for the social stereotypes. However, biology does not provide the informati on regarding one sex being superior to the other (Deegan, 2014). Thus, the gender discrimination against women is a societal perception that cannot be scientifically verified. The constitutions of most states provide for the rights of all citizens regardless of their gender. For instance, the bill of rights guarantees equality for both genders in the United States. Nevertheless, due to employers perception as well as social stigma, few women work in construction sites and other strenuous workplaces. Sexism and discrimination against women is not only prevalent in technical and strenuous workplaces, but also other sectors prefer having more men than women. Female employees endure inappropriate and derogatory comments from their male counterparts. Most supervisors and management staffs in the contemporary organizations are men. The few women in the leadership roles sacrifice other aspects such as raising a family to maintain their positions. Sexism is also evidenced by the wage gap between the male and female employees. Additionally, men are preferred by employers as they are deemed intelligent and reliable compared to the female employees. Women have been considered homemakers for many years (Fine and Asch, 2018). As such, a section of the society believes that their functions are limited to house chores such as cooking and raising a family. Sexism negatively affects single mothers who are unable to find employment due to their gender. These women are unable to cater for their ch ildren as the society does not empower them economically. Due to the increased costs of living, there is a need for both men and women to be financially empowered. When both parents are financially empowered, the family income becomes sufficient to meet the basic needs as well as improve their living standards. By empowering women, the society will learn to appreciate their contributions and also end the social stigma that portrays men as the sole economic providers (Deegan, 2014). Although sexism mostly focuses on the female gender inferiority, studies highlight that in some cases men are also marginalized (King, 2016). For instance, the modeling and fashion industry is mostly dominated by women. As such, there is a need to address the disparity by encouraging more men to venture into the industry. Traditionally, female children get more parental attention and care as compared to their male counterparts (King, 2016). The society expects men to work for long hours to provide for their families. Sexism is also illustrated by the fact that men are required to be physically strong while women are expected to be modest, kind, and obedient. Opinion and Conclusion Sexism affects both male and female genders in different ways. However, the feminist movements have focused on addressing women grievances by advocating for affirmative actions. This social problem can be solved if organizations pay women the same wages as their male counterparts and provide a positive atmosphere for growth to both genders. To end sexism, both genders should be treated equally to ensure a cohesive existence in the society. References Deegan, M. J. (2014). Goffman on gender, sexism, and feminism: a summary of notes on a conversation with Erving Goffman and my reflections then and now. Symbolic Interaction, 37(1), 71-86. Fine, M., Asch, A. (2018). Disabled women: Sexism without the pedestal. In Women and Disability (pp. 6-22). Routledge. King, D. K. (2016). Multiple jeopardy, multiple consciousness: The context of a Black feminist ideology. In Race, Gender and Class (pp. 36-57). Routledge.